ICSE Class 10 Robotics & AI — All Questions

Planetary

Reason — The figure shows a central gear surrounded by smaller gears enclosed within an outer ring, which is the arrangement of a planetary gear system. Planetary gears are frequently used in robotic arms and engines because they can transfer power very efficiently.

New Age Robotic System

Reason — New Age Robotic Systems (NARS) are advanced systems that use sensors and artificial intelligence to sense their surroundings and take decisions on their own. Intelligent traffic signals collect real-time traffic data and change the signal timings accordingly, instead of following fixed pre-set timings.

Mechanical screwdriver

Reason — A mechanical screwdriver is an ordinary machine. It has no sensors, controller or decision-making ability and cannot work on its own. Autonomous delivery robots, smart vacuum cleaners and collaborative robots are examples of New Age Robotic Systems.

Agriculture

Reason — Robots used in the agriculture field are designed to increase efficiency, reduce costs and improve crop yields. Crop monitoring robots, such as Crop-Scout and TerraSentia, are used to monitor crop growth and health.

Proximity

Reason — Proximity sensors are non-contact sensors that detect the presence of an object when it enters the sensor's field, without touching it. Tactile and force sensors need physical contact, and a temperature sensor detects changes in temperature.

Roomba vacuum cleaner

Reason — A home equipped with devices that help in the automation of routine tasks is called a smart home. iRobot's Roomba is a robotic vacuum cleaner that cleans floors automatically without human intervention and is a well-known example of a smart home robot.

Tinkercad

Reason — Tinkercad is a freely available online software developed by Autodesk. It is used to visualise, design and create circuits, and provides 3D designs of different components, which helps in better visualisation and understanding of robotic parts.

Prismatic

Reason — Prismatic joints are also known as linear or sliding joints. They allow the links to move in a straight line along an axis without rotating. A common example of a prismatic joint is the sliding mechanism in a drawer.

Wheeled mobile robot

Reason — A wheeled mobile robot is a robot that uses wheels for locomotion and can move autonomously or with the instructions of the user.

Measured data

Reason — Machine decision-making is logical and objective. It is based on the data available to the machine and the rules or algorithms applied on it, and is not affected by emotions or personal preferences. Here, the system uses the measured data of each email, such as keywords, sender information and attachments, to classify it.

Collecting and organising data

Reason — The first step in machine learning is data collection. To prepare a machine learning system, related data must be collected and then prepared, that is, cleaned and transformed, before an algorithm is selected and trained.

Problem Scoping

Reason — The AI Project Framework consists of five stages — Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modelling and Evaluation. Problem Scoping is the first stage, in which the problem is understood and defined, clear goals are set and the objectives of the AI project are outlined.

Who, What, Where, Why

Reason — The 4Ws Problem Canvas helps in problem scoping. It consists of four parameters — Who (the stakeholders affected by the problem), What (the nature of the problem and its evidence), Where (the context or location of the problem) and Why (why the problem is worth solving).

Rule-based AI system

Reason — A rule-based system works only on the predefined rules written in its program. It cannot learn from its environment or from new data. Systems that learn from data, such as supervised and unsupervised learning systems, work on the basis of learning and not on fixed rules.

7

Reason — The variable x stores the integer value 5. In the statement print(x + 2), the + operator acts as the arithmetic addition operator because both operands are integers. So the expression is evaluated as 5 + 2 = 7.

3

Reason — The list numbers contains three elements — 10, 20 and 30. The function len() returns the number of elements present in the list, not their values.

Both statements I and II are incorrect.

Reason — Statement I is incorrect because every robot is a machine, but every machine is not a robot. An ordinary machine, such as a room heater, has no sensors, controller or decision-making ability.

Statement II is also incorrect because robots can work autonomously, that is, without human intervention, as well as with the support of humans. For example, a self-driving car is an autonomous vehicle that can operate without a human driver.

Both statements I and II are correct.

Reason — Statement I is correct because gears are used in a robotic system to transmit motion and power and also to amplify force.

Statement II is also correct because the gear ratio depends on the number of teeth on the driving and driven gears. By choosing a suitable gear ratio, a robot can increase either its torque (force) or its rotational speed.

False

Reason — Machine decision-making is objective and logical. Machines make decisions using the data available to them and programmed algorithms or rules, and are unaffected by feelings or preconceived notions. Being influenced by emotions, prejudices and experiences is a characteristic of human decision-making, not machine decision-making.

True

Reason — The controller is the brain of a robotic system. It receives the input sent by the sensors, processes it using control algorithms, takes decisions and then sends control signals to the actuators, which perform the required physical action.

Two features that enable a robot to perform tasks with minimal human intervention are:

1. Sensing — Robots are equipped with sensors that allow them to detect and respond to changes in their environment.
2. Autonomy — Robots can be programmed to perform tasks automatically without requiring constant human supervision.

Two features that distinguish a robot from an ordinary machine are:

1. A robot uses sensors to take input from its environment and its controller processes this input to take decisions, whereas an ordinary machine only performs a fixed task and cannot take decisions.
2. A robot is programmable and can be reprogrammed to perform different tasks, whereas an ordinary machine performs a single, simple task that cannot be reprogrammed.

The controller receives the signal sent by the sensor when it detects the presence of a person near the door. It processes this input, takes the decision that the door should open, and sends the required control signal to the actuator (motor), which opens the door. Thus, the controller acts as the link between the sensor and the actuator.

The RR (Revolute–Revolute) mechanism means the use of two revolute joints in series, which allows rotational movement about two axes.

Application:

The RR mechanism is commonly used in a robotic arm, where the two revolute joints are placed at the shoulder and the elbow.

No, I do not agree with the statement.

Artificial Intelligence is the broader field that includes any method or algorithm that helps make machines intelligent, whereas Machine Learning is a subset of Artificial Intelligence that enables software programs to learn from historical data and predict outcomes without being explicitly programmed.

Given:

Number of teeth on driven gear = 30

Number of teeth on driving gear = 15

The formula for gear ratio is:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{\text{Number of teeth on driven gear}}{\text{Number of teeth on driving gear}}$

Substituting the values:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{30}{15}=\frac{2}{1}$

Hence, the gear ratio is 2 : 1.

Two characteristics of machine decision-making demonstrated here are:

1. Logical — The vehicle acts according to the pre-programmed rules and the sensor data available to it, and stops when an obstacle is detected.
2. Fast — The machine takes the decision to stop far more quickly than a human, which is very useful in such time-sensitive situations.

The Turing Test was proposed by Alan Turing in 1950. In this test, an evaluator has a conversation with a human and a machine simultaneously and checks the responses given by both.

It determines the intelligence of a machine. If the evaluator finds no difference between the responses generated by the human and the machine, then the machine is considered to have passed the Turing Test.

Problem Scoping is important because:

1. It clearly defines the problem to be solved and sets the goals and objectives of the AI project.
2. It identifies the stakeholders and the context of the problem, providing direction for the later stages of the project.

(a) The autonomous bus can operate on its own without human intervention, as it uses sensors and AI to take decisions according to the situation on the road.

(b) The bus is fitted with a variety of sensors, such as radar, cameras, lidar and proximity sensors, which continuously observe the surroundings. When an object comes into the sensor's field, the sensor sends this input to the controller, which processes it and instructs the actuators to slow down, stop or change lanes to avoid the obstacle.

(c) AI can analyse traffic patterns in real time and optimise signal timings and routes, which helps in reducing traffic congestion.

(a) Labelled images of recyclable and non-recyclable waste materials are required as training data.

(b) Quality of training data — Using accurate and correctly labelled training data can improve the accuracy of the AI model.

(c) The system will be able to classify waste accurately into recyclable and non-recyclable categories.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

sectors = ['Healthcare', 'Agriculture', 'Manufacturing', 'Education']
robots = [20, 15, 30, 10]

plt.bar(sectors, robots)
plt.xlabel("Sectors")
plt.ylabel("Number of Robots")
plt.title("Number of Robots in Different Sectors")
plt.show()

Output

(a) The gears transmit the motion and power generated by the motor to the robotic arm and the gripper through the interlocking of gear teeth.

(b) Two ways in which changing the gear ratio affects the force and speed of movement are:

1. Increasing the gear ratio, that is, using a driven gear with more teeth than the driving gear, increases the torque (force) available at the gripper but decreases the speed of movement. This is useful for lifting heavy boxes.
2. Decreasing the gear ratio, that is, using a driven gear with fewer teeth than the driving gear, increases the rotational speed of the arm but decreases the torque (force). This is useful for moving lighter boxes quickly.

Cyber threat: Phishing.

In a phishing attack, the received email looks like a genuine message from a well-known or reputed organisation. It contains a link which, when clicked, takes the user to a fake website that is a clone of the original site. If the user enters their credentials there, the details are stolen by the fraudster.

Two precautions to be taken by the employees are:

1. They should be wary of emails or messages that ask for personal information. If an email appears suspicious, they should not click on any link or open any attachment in it.
2. They should not provide personal or login information unless they are confident that the website is genuine, and should use strong passwords and update them frequently.

str = "Hardwork pays"

print(str[3:10])

str1 = str.upper()
print(str1.endswith('S'))

str2 = str.replace('Hardwork', 'Earnest work')
print(str2)

str3 = ' '.join([str2, 'OFF'])
print(str3)

dwork p
True
Earnest work pays
Earnest work pays OFF

The delivery robot completes the delivery safely in the following manner:

1. Its sensors detect the obstacle or blocked route and send this input to the controller.
2. The controller processes the sensor data and selects a safe alternate path to reach the destination. If no safe route is available, the robot stops.
3. The controller sends commands to the actuators to move the robot along the selected path. Updated sensor inputs provide continuous feedback so that the controller can adjust the path until the parcel is delivered safely.

Three factors that influence the accuracy of a Machine Learning model are:

1. Quality of data — Data quality is an important factor in the success of a machine learning model. If the data has noise or wrong information, the predictions generated by the model will not be correct.
2. Quantity of data — A large amount of data is required to create an accurate and precise machine learning model, as the algorithm learns the important features from this data.
3. Selection of algorithm — An appropriate machine learning algorithm must be chosen according to the data and requirement. For example, if the data has labels, a supervised learning algorithm should be selected, otherwise an unsupervised learning algorithm should be used.

A robot is designed through the integration of sensors, a controller, actuators and a feedback system. The success of the robot depends on the proper functioning and coordination of all these components.

Sensors: Sensors are the input devices of a robot. They detect changes in the environment based on features like temperature, pressure, light, sound and distance, and convert them into signals that are sent to the controller. Commonly used sensors are proximity sensors, ultrasonic sensors, cameras and force sensors.

Controller: The controller is the brain of the robot. It receives the input from the sensors, processes it using different control algorithms and takes decisions about the action to be performed. It then generates and sends the control signals to the actuators.

Actuators: Actuators are the devices that produce the physical movement of the robot. They convert the electrical signal received from the controller into mechanical motion and move parts such as arms, legs, wheels or grippers. Commonly used actuators are electric motors and pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders.

Working: The sensors sense the environment and send the data to the controller. The controller processes this data, takes a decision and sends commands to the actuators, which perform the required physical action. The sensors then observe the resulting output or changes in the environment and send updated information to the controller as feedback. This helps the controller make corrections and keep the output in the desired range.

Three problems that may arise are:

1. If the data has noise or wrong information, the predictions generated by the model will not be correct, and the accuracy of the model will be low.
2. If the collected data is not in a form compatible with the algorithm, the algorithm will not be able to learn the important features from it during training.
3. If missing, duplicate or inconsistent data is not handled during preparation, the model may learn incorrect patterns and produce unreliable predictions.

(a) Two ways in which Tinkercad can help are:

1. Tinkercad provides 3D designs of different components, so the plant can design and visualise the physical parts of the segregation system, such as the bins, the sorting arm and its joints, before actually building them.
2. Tinkercad is used to visualise, design and create circuits, so the sensor and motor circuit that separates the wet and dry waste can be built and simulated virtually to check whether it works correctly.

(b) A revolute joint should be used. A revolute joint, also known as a rotary joint, allows the links to rotate around an axis. This rotational movement lets the sorting arm or flap turn towards the wet waste bin or the dry waste bin as required.

(c) The model should be visualised before it is used because:

1. It helps in understanding the design clearly.
2. It helps to identify and correct errors in the design at an early stage.
3. It confirms that the components work together as expected before the system is built, saving time and cost.

Three features that make robots suitable for decorating cakes are:

1. Accuracy — Robots are capable of performing tasks with a high degree of accuracy and precision, so the decoration on every cake is neat and exactly as designed.
2. Consistency — Robots can repeat the same task again and again without making mistakes, which ensures that all the cakes are decorated in a uniform manner.
3. Programmability — Robots can be programmed and reprogrammed to perform different tasks, so the same robot can be used to create different decoration patterns as per the order.

Three advantages of using robots in modern manufacturing industries are:

1. Increased efficiency — Robots can work faster and longer than humans without getting tired or needing breaks, which increases the production output.
2. Increased quality — Robots perform tasks with a high degree of accuracy and precision, which reduces errors and defects in production.
3. Human safety — Robots can perform dangerous tasks, such as handling toxic material, welding or working in extreme temperatures, which would otherwise put human workers at risk.

(a) Machine learning can help the robot improve its performance over time in the following ways:

1. It learns important features and patterns from historical hospital data.
2. Its predictions and decisions become more accurate as it is trained on relevant data.
3. With further training on new data, it can adapt to new situations and improve its performance.

(b) Two cybersecurity risks and preventive measures are:

1. Unauthorised access — An unauthorised person may gain access to the robot's settings or patient data. This can be prevented by using strong authentication and secure passwords.
2. Malware attack — Malware may corrupt the robot's software or steal patient data. This can be prevented by installing regular software updates and using trusted antivirus or antimalware software.

(c) AI helps the robotic assistant identify the correct medicine in the following way:

1. It analyses the patient's information and prescription details.
2. It compares the medicine label or barcode with the prescription data using a trained model.
3. It identifies and dispenses the correct medicine, reducing the chances of medication errors.

Three benefits of using robotics and AI in agriculture are:

1. Crop monitoring — AI algorithms analyse satellite pictures, drone data and sensor data to track crop health, growth patterns and nutrient levels, which helps farmers improve pest control, fertilisation and irrigation methods.
2. Precision agriculture — AI optimises the use of resources by analysing soil characteristics, weather patterns and previous crops, and uses this to design precise planting patterns and specialised irrigation schedules.
3. Harvesting and sorting — Robots such as fruit picking robots can harvest fruits and vegetables with minimal damage to the crops, and AI-enabled systems sort them on the basis of size, colour and other quality indicators. This increases efficiency and reduces labour costs.

(a) Labelled images of the shelves, showing correctly and incorrectly placed products, captured through cameras installed in the supermarket.

(b) Quality of training data — Using accurate and correctly labelled training data can improve the accuracy of the AI model.

(c) The system will be able to identify misplaced products accurately.

t = (50, 60, 70, 80, 90)

l = list(t)

l.sort(reverse=True)

l.remove(80)
print(l)

l.sort()

ft = tuple(l)
print(ft)

[90, 70, 60, 50]
(50, 60, 70, 90)

Agriculture

Reason — The figure shows a robot used in agricultural fields. Such robots are designed to perform tasks like planting seeds, harvesting crops, spraying fertilizers or pesticides, and monitoring crop health.

Traffic light sequencing

Reason — In traffic light sequencing, the signals change in a fixed order (red → yellow → green) based on predefined time intervals. For a given input condition, the output is always the same and predictable. Hence, it follows a definite set of rules and produces consistent results, making it an example of deterministic computing.

machine

Reason — A room heater is a machine because it uses electrical energy to do useful work by producing heat energy.

simulating robotic movements.

Reason — Tinkercad is a simulation tool used to design and visualize circuits and robotic systems. It allows users to simulate the working and movements of robots in a virtual environment, which makes it useful for testing and understanding robotic behaviour.

Input → Controller → Robot → Feedback

Reason — In a robotic control system, the input is first given to the controller, which processes the data and sends commands to the robot. The robot then performs the required action, and feedback is generated to monitor and adjust the system. Hence, the correct sequence is Input → Controller → Robot → Feedback.

Pneumatic piston

Reason — A linear actuator produces motion in a straight line. A pneumatic piston moves back and forth in a linear direction using compressed air, hence it is a linear actuator.

s.isalnum()

Reason — The function isalnum() is used to check whether all characters in a string are alphanumeric (i.e., letters and numbers). It returns True if all characters are either alphabets or digits, otherwise it returns False. The other options are incorrect because they are not valid Python string methods.

4 : 1

Reason — The driving gear is the gear that receives power directly from the motor and moves first. Here, the motor drives the small gear with 10 teeth, so it is the driving gear.

The driven gear is the gear that is moved by the driving gear. Here, the larger gear with 40 teeth is connected to the small gear and rotates because of it, so it is the driven gear.

The formula for gear ratio is:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{\text{Number of teeth on driven gear}}{\text{Number of teeth on driving gear}}$

Substituting the values:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{40}{10}=4$

Hence, the correct answer is 4 : 1.

len(a)

Reason — The function len() is used to find the number of characters in a string. When the string a is passed as an argument, len(a) returns its length.

loss of data.

Reason — Unauthorised hardware access can result in tampering, damage, or misuse of devices, which may lead to deletion or corruption of stored data. Hence, it results in loss of data rather than improved performance or increased data.

measure model performance on unseen data.

Reason — Testing data is used after training the model to evaluate how well it performs on new, unseen data. It helps in measuring the accuracy and effectiveness of the model rather than training it.

detect changes in environment and send signals.

Reason — A sensor is used to detect changes in the environment such as light, temperature or motion and convert them into signals that can be processed by the system.

if a machine can exhibit human-like responses.

Reason — The Turing Test is used to determine whether a machine can imitate human behaviour in such a way that its responses are indistinguishable from those of a human. Hence, it evaluates the ability of a machine to exhibit human-like responses.

Tinkercad

Reason — Tinkercad is used to design and simulate robotic systems and circuits in a virtual environment. It helps in testing and visualising the working of robots, which makes it suitable for robotic simulation.

(A) is true but (R) is false.

Reason — Robots use actuators to produce movement by converting energy into mechanical action, so the Assertion is true. However, sensing the environment and converting it into electrical signals is the function of sensors, not actuators. Therefore, the Reason is false.

Line graph

Reason — The graph shows data points connected by continuous lines representing changes over a period of time. Such representation of data using connected points is characteristic of a line graph.

end users affected by the project.

Reason — In AI problem scoping, "Who" refers to the people or users who will be impacted by or will use the solution. It helps in identifying the target audience and stakeholders of the project.

Int

Reason — The given code stores the string "Artificial Intelligence" in the variable msg. Python follows 0-based indexing, where the first character is at index 0.

Index Table:

The statement msg[11:14] performs string slicing, where:

• 11 is the starting index (included)
• 14 is the ending index (excluded)

Thus, characters at index 11, 12, and 13 are selected: 'Int'.

Hence, the output is Int.

import

Reason — In Python, the keyword import is used to include a module or package in a program so that its functions and features can be used.

BA

Reason — The string "BOARD EXAMINATION" is stored in variable x. Python uses 0-based indexing.

Index Table:

The slice x[0:4:2] means:

• Start from index 0
• Go up to index 4 (excluded)
• Take every 2nd character (step = 2)

So selected indices:
→ 0 → B
→ 2 → A

Thus, the output is BA.

Sensors used in Autonomous Drones:

1. GPS sensor
2. Ultrasonic sensor

Advantages of using cobots in hospitals:

1. They reduce the workload of nurses by assisting in routine tasks like delivering medicines.
2. They improve efficiency and accuracy, ensuring timely delivery of medicines to patients.

A spur gear is a gear with straight teeth that are parallel to the shaft axis, used to transmit motion and power between parallel shafts.

Application:

Spur gears are used in robotic arms to transmit motion and control the movement of joints.

Data refers to raw facts or inputs used in machine learning. Machines are trained using this data to identify patterns and relationships. It is processed into meaningful information that helps in making decisions, predictions, and classifications. The quality and quantity of data directly affect the accuracy and performance of the model.

Both machine intelligence and human intelligence improve through learning from experience. Machine intelligence learns from data during training, while humans learn from past experiences and observations. Both are capable of recognising patterns and using them to analyse situations, solve problems, and make decisions.

Kaggle provides access to a large collection of real-world datasets, which can be easily used for training and testing machine learning models.

Modelling is important as it involves selecting and training an appropriate AI model using the given data to achieve the desired goal. It helps the system learn patterns from data and enables it to make predictions or decisions effectively.

False

Given: a = 5, b = 3

Evaluate the expression: a > b and b < 3

• a > b → 5 > 3 → True
• b < 3 → 3 < 3 → False

Now, True AND False → False (The AND operator returns True only when both conditions are True, otherwise, it returns False.)

Hence, the output is False.

YTH

The string 'PYTHON' is stored in the variable str1. Python uses 0-based indexing.

Index Table:

The slice str1[1:4] selects characters from index 1 to 3 (excluding 4): YTH

Hence, the output is YTH.

2
False

In the string "Great Day":

1. The statement s.count('a') counts the number of occurrences of lowercase 'a' in the string. It appears 2 times, hence the output is 2.

2. The statement s.startswith('g') checks whether the string starts with lowercase 'g'. Since the string starts with uppercase 'G', it returns False as Python is case-sensitive.

Hence, the output is:

2
False

Assistant robots are intelligent machines designed to support humans in performing various tasks. They help in activities such as customer service, personal assistance, healthcare support, and industrial work. These robots can perform tasks like answering questions, providing assistance, and handling repetitive or time-consuming jobs, thereby improving efficiency. A few examples of assistant robots are Pepper, Roomba, CloiHomeBot, Astro.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

month = ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun']
sales = [25, 30, 28, 35, 40, 38]

plt.bar(month, sales)
plt.xlabel("Month")
plt.ylabel("Sales (in lakhs)")
plt.title("XYZ Ltd. Half-Yearly Sales")
plt.show()

Output

Smart homes are homes equipped with smart devices that are connected through the internet and can be controlled remotely to improve comfort, security, and efficiency.

Two features of a smart home are:

1. Automated lighting and appliances allow devices to operate automatically based on user needs or conditions.
2. Smart security systems use cameras and sensors to enhance safety and provide alerts for any unusual activity.

Data Exploration is the stage of the AI Project Cycle in which the collected data is examined carefully to understand its structure, patterns, trends, and relationships. It helps in identifying useful insights, detecting anomalies or unusual behaviour, and making the data easier to interpret through data visualisation tools such as charts and graphs. This stage also helps in selecting a suitable model for the next stage of the AI Project Cycle.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

stud_name = ['Jessica', 'Peter', 'Alexa', 'James', 'Ram']
marks = [48, 22, 14, 30, 49]

plt.pie(marks, labels=stud_name)
plt.title("Marks of Students")
plt.show()

Output

(a) Ultrasonic sensor
(b) Light sensor
(c) Temperature sensor

Software theft means the unauthorised use of software, whether by copying or modifying it. It is a legal offence and includes activities like illegal downloading, copying, or using pirated software.

Two consequences of software theft are:

1. It results in financial losses for software developers and companies.
2. It is a legal offence and may lead to punishments or legal actions.

sentence = input("Enter a sentence: ")

l = len(sentence)
fc = sentence[0]
lc = sentence[-1]

print("Length of the string:", l)
print("First character:", fc)
print("Last character:", lc)

count = 0
for ch in sentence:
    if ch.isdigit():
        count += 1

print("Total number of digits:", count)

Enter a sentence: Hello123 World45
Length of the string: 16
First character: H
Last character: 5
Total number of digits: 5

The different types of joints in robotics are:

1. Prismatic Joint: A prismatic joint is also known as a sliding or linear joint. It allows the links of a robot to move linearly along an axis without rotating. It is used in applications requiring precise positioning and extension.
2. Revolute Joint: A revolute joint is also known as a rotational or hinge joint. It allows links of a robot to rotate around a fixed axis, providing angular movement similar to a human elbow or knee.
3. Spherical Joint: A spherical joint is also known as a ball-and-socket joint. It allows rotational movement in multiple directions around a single point, providing three degrees of freedom such as pitch, yaw and roll.

Data theft means acquiring someone's personal data, such as financial credentials, intellectual property or confidential documents. This activity could be very harmful for an individual or an organisation.

Any two causes of data theft:

1. Hacking – using someone else's computer, software, or network in an unauthorised manner to steal data.

2. Malware – harmful software that can enter a system and steal personal information.

lst = [12, 45, 7, 23, 89, 34, 56, 90, 11, 5]

second_index = lst[2]
fourth_index = lst[4]

print("Element at 2nd index:", second_index)

print("Element at 4th index:", fourth_index)

lst.sort()

print("Sorted list:")
print(lst)

num = int(input("Enter a number to search: "))

if num in lst:
    print("Number exists in the list")
else:
    print("Number does not exist in the list")

Element at 2nd index: 7
Element at 4th index: 89
Sorted list:
[5, 7, 11, 12, 23, 34, 45, 56, 89, 90]
Enter a number to search: 23
Number exists in the list

Role of Controller in a Robotic System:

A controller is the main part of a robotic system that manages and controls the overall functioning of the robot. It processes the input received and gives instructions to perform specific tasks.

Working with Sensors and Actuators:

• Sensors collect data from the environment and send it to the controller.
• The controller processes this data and makes decisions.
• It then sends signals to the actuators.
• Actuators carry out the action as instructed by the controller (like movement or operation).

Thus, the controller acts as a link between sensors and actuators, ensuring proper functioning of the robotic system.

Supervised learning is a type of machine learning in which the model is trained using a labelled dataset, where both the input data and the correct output are known.
The data is divided into training data and test data. The training data is used to train the model, while the test data is used to check how accurately the model predicts the output for new data.
In supervised learning, the model learns from known results and then predicts the correct output for unseen inputs with good accuracy.

tup = (12, 27, 30, 47, 55, 49)

lst = list(tup)

lst.remove(30)

lst.append([5, 25])

lst.insert(3, 11)

print("List after operations:")
print(lst)

tup2 = tuple(lst)

print("Converted tuple:")
print(tup2)

List after operations:
[12, 27, 47, 11, 55, 49, [5, 25]]
Converted tuple:
(12, 27, 47, 11, 55, 49, [5, 25])

Tinkercad is a user-friendly, web-based design and modelling tool primarily used for 3D design, electronics and coding projects.

Two features of the Tinkercad workspace are:

1. It provides an easy-to-use drag-and-drop interface for creating 3D models.
2. It allows simulation of electronic circuits and robotic components.

Three different ways to represent data to gather meaningful information are:

1. Bar Graph: Used to compare quantities across different categories using rectangular bars. It helps in easily identifying differences and trends.
2. Pie Chart: Represents data as parts of a whole in a circular form. It is useful for showing percentage distribution.
3. Line Graph: Displays data points connected by lines, mainly used to show changes or trends over time.

s = "Machine Learning"

lower_s = s.lower()
print("Lowercase string:", lower_s)

replaced_s = s.replace("Machine", "Deep")
print("After replacement:", replaced_s)

ends = s.endswith("Learning")
print("Ends with 'Learning':", ends)

count_n = s.count('n')
print("Number of occurrences of 'n':", count_n)

Lowercase string: machine learning
After replacement: Deep Learning
Ends with 'Learning': True
Number of occurrences of 'n': 3

Defence

Reason — The figure shows a tracked, armoured robot fitted with a mounted weapon system. Such robots are used in the defence sector for tasks like surveillance, bomb disposal, and combat operations in dangerous areas, keeping soldiers safe from harm.

Face recognition

Reason — Face recognition uses artificial intelligence to identify a person by analysing and matching facial features with stored data. The other options - microwave ovens, room heaters, and geysers, are simple electrical machines that work on fixed mechanisms and do not use AI.

collaborates with humans

Reason — A cobot (collaborative robot) is designed to work alongside humans in a safe and collaborative environment. It assists humans in performing tasks with a focus on cooperation and involvement, rather than working completely on its own.

Single axis

Reason — A revolute joint, also known as a rotary joint, allows the links of a robot to rotate around a single fixed axis. It provides angular movement, similar to the working of a human elbow.

Rack and pinion gear

Reason — A rack and pinion gear consists of a circular pinion that meshes with a straight, flat rack. As the pinion rotates, it moves the rack in a straight line, thus converting rotational motion into linear motion.

Electric rotary actuator

Reason — A rotary actuator provides torque to rotate or turn objects by producing rotational motion around an axis. An electric rotary actuator is therefore best suited for turning a wheel, which requires continuous rotational movement.

upper()

Reason — The upper() function is a string method that converts all the characters of a string into uppercase. The functions sort(), append(), and extend() are list methods, not string functions.

The big gear spins slower and in the opposite direction.

Reason — When two meshing spur gears rotate, their teeth interlock, so the driven gear always turns in the opposite direction to the driving gear. Since the big gear has more teeth than the small driving gear, it completes fewer rotations, so it spins slower and in the opposite direction.

Matplotlib

Reason — Matplotlib is a Python library used to plot different types of graphs and charts, such as line charts, bar charts, and pie charts. NumPy, Pandas, and SciPy are mainly used for numerical operations, data handling, and scientific computations.

process sensor data, make decisions, and act on it.

Reason — A control system continually measures the system's performance using sensors, processes this data, generates suitable control signals, and applies them to the actuators to perform the required action.

create algorithms that make predictions and discover patterns from data.

Reason — AI modelling refers to the development of a program or algorithm that is trained on data to discover patterns and draw conclusions or generate predictions.

transmit and amplify force.

Reason — The function of gears is to transmit motion and power from one component to another through the interlocking of their teeth. By using suitable gear ratios, gears can also amplify force (torque).

Works with labelled data

Reason — In supervised learning, the machine learning program is trained on a set of data that has already been labelled. The algorithm learns to find patterns by matching the input data with the given labels. Working without labels and clustering are features of unsupervised learning.

Data theft

Reason — Data theft means acquiring someone's personal data, such as financial credentials or confidential documents, without permission. It violates an individual's right to control their personal information, and hence it is an ethical issue in computing.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation for (A).

Reason — Data acquisition is the second stage of the AI Project Cycle in which relevant data is collected, so the Assertion is true. Since an AI model learns and makes predictions only from data, it cannot be trained without collecting data. Thus, the Reason is true and correctly explains why data acquisition is a necessary stage.

data should be authentic, reliable and accurate.

Reason — Data acquisition involves collecting accurate and reliable data from relevant and authentic sources. The methods used to collect the data should also be ethical and lawful.

Scatter plot

Reason — The figure shows data represented using scattered dots, where each dot represents a single data point. Such a plot is used to show the relationship between two sets of values and is known as a scatter plot.

To simulate and test robotic systems virtually.

Reason — Tinkercad is a free online software used to design, visualise, and simulate circuits and robotic systems in a virtual environment. Its primary benefit is that it allows users to test robotic systems virtually before building them physically.

string.count('a')

Reason — The count() function is a string method that counts the number of times a particular character or substring occurs in a string. Its correct syntax is string.count('a'). The other options are not valid Python string methods.

AA

Reason — When a string is multiplied by an integer, Python repeats the string that many times. Here, "A" * 2 repeats the string "A" two times, producing AA.

Two sensors used in autonomous cars are:

1. LiDAR sensor
2. Camera (vision) sensor

Two benefits of using delivery robots in urban areas are:

1. They reduce the delivery time by transporting food and parcels directly to the customer's doorstep.
2. They reduce human effort and labour in delivering goods to customers.

The gear ratio shows how the number of teeth on the driving gear (input) relates to the number of teeth on the driven gear (output). It indicates the number of times the output gear turns in relation to the input gear. It is calculated as:

$\text{Gear Ratio}=\frac{\text{Number of teeth on driven gear}}{\text{Number of teeth on driving gear}}$

The machine is first trained using a labelled dataset containing images of a raw mango and other fruits. During training, the machine learning algorithm learns the important features of a raw mango, such as its colour, shape, and texture. When a new image is given, the machine compares it with the features learnt during training and classifies it as a raw mango if the features match, otherwise it identifies it as a different fruit.

Two methods of committing cyber fraud using a computer are:

1. Malware — Harmful software is installed on a computer unknowingly to steal personal information by gaining a backdoor entry into the system.
2. Phishing — A genuine-looking email or message with a link is sent, which directs the user to a fake website to steal their credentials and other sensitive details.

Supervised learning is an approach in which the machine learning model is trained on a set of data that has already been labelled. By matching the labels with the data, the algorithm learns to find patterns and relationships. After training, the model can predict an output for new, unseen input data. For example, a spam email predictor is trained on a labelled collection of emails (spam or not spam) to classify new incoming emails.

Who: The "Who" block helps identify the people who are directly or indirectly affected by the problem. These people are called stakeholders, who are involved in the problem and will benefit from the solution.

Why: The "Why" block helps us think about why the given problem is worth solving and how the solution would benefit the stakeholders as well as society, such as by improving quality of life, increasing efficiency, or enhancing safety.

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

The tuple t = (1, 2, 3) is created. The + operator concatenates (joins) two tuples. Here, the tuple (4, 5) is joined to t, forming a new tuple (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), which is stored back in t.

nohtyP

The string "Python" is stored in the variable s. The slice s[::-1] uses a step of -1, which reverses the string by reading all its characters from the last to the first.

Hence, the output is nohtyP.

11000
1700

The tuple sal contains the values (7000, 4000, 11000, 1700).

1. The max(sal) function returns the largest value in the tuple, which is 11000.
2. The min(sal) function returns the smallest value in the tuple, which is 1700.

Hence, the output is:

11000
1700

Three advantages of Smart schools are:

1. They provide personalised attention to each student, helping ensure that all students get an equal opportunity to learn.
2. They deliver educational content in a variety of ways, making learning more engaging, effective, and attractive for students of all learning styles.
3. They free up teachers' time by handling tasks like grading, allowing teachers to focus on providing individual attention to students.

Autonomous systems are systems that can learn from their environment and have decision-making capability. They are flexible and adaptable, as they work on the basis of learning and do not follow a fixed rule-based algorithm. This allows them to operate in real-world situations and take decisions according to the situation.

Two examples of autonomous systems are:

1. Self-driving cars
2. Drones

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

date = ['1 Sep', '2 Sep', '3 Sep', '4 Sep', '5 Sep']
rainfall = [90, 92, 180, 120, 80]

plt.plot(date, rainfall)
plt.xlabel("Date")
plt.ylabel("Rainfall")
plt.title("Rainfall Data")
plt.show()

Output

Three advantages of using cobots in industries are:

1. Safety: Cobots have built-in safety mechanisms that keep them from injuring humans even on contact, making them a safer choice than standard industrial robots.
2. Flexibility: Cobots can be easily programmed to perform new tasks and, being lightweight, can be relocated to different work areas as needed.
3. Productivity: Cobots increase productivity by automating repetitive and risky operations, working faster and more accurately than humans without needing breaks.

Data modelling (AI modelling) refers to the development of a program or algorithm that can be used to draw conclusions or generate predictions based on the available data. At this stage, an appropriate model is selected and trained with the data that has been acquired and explored, in order to achieve the goal of the AI project. AI models are mainly built using two approaches — the rule-based approach and the learning-based approach.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Country = ['Russia', 'India', 'China', 'Bangladesh', 'Nepal']
Pollution = [4, 2, 3, 1, 5]

plt.pie(Pollution, labels=Country)
plt.title("Pollution Ranking of Countries")
plt.show()

Output

Three security measures to safeguard a computer from cyber threats are:

1. Use strong, secure passwords and update them frequently.
2. Keep the software up to date, as updates include security fixes that protect the system.
3. Use trusted antivirus and antimalware programs, and use firewalls to protect the system.

tup = (100, 200, 700, 300, 150)

lst = list(tup)

idx = lst.index(700)
lst.remove(700)
lst.insert(idx, 650)

lst.sort()

final_tup = tuple(lst)

print("Final tuple:")
print(final_tup)

Final tuple:
(100, 150, 200, 300, 650)

In a robotic arm with a revolute joint, the sensors first provide input about the position and orientation of the arm to the controller. The controller processes this input and generates control signals using control algorithms. These signals are sent to the actuator, which is an electric motor. The motor converts the electrical signal into mechanical motion, producing the rotational (angular) movement of the revolute joint. A feedback mechanism monitors the movement so that the arm reaches the desired position accurately.

s = "Computer Applications"

length = len(s)
print("Length of the string:", length)

count_p = "Applications".count('p')
print("Occurrences of 'p' in 'Applications':", count_p)

pos = s.find("Applications")
print("Position of 'Applications':", pos)

upper_check = s.isupper()
print("Is the string in uppercase:", upper_check)

new_s = s.replace("Applications", "Science")
print("New string:", new_s)

Length of the string: 21
Occurrences of 'p' in 'Applications': 2
Position of 'Applications': 9
Is the string in uppercase: False
New string: Computer Science

A vision sensor is a device that collects visual information from its surroundings and processes it to perform activities such as object detection, recognition, and tracking. In robotics, vision sensors help the robot to "see" and understand its environment so that it can navigate and interact with objects.

Example: Camera sensor.

The purpose of the data acquisition stage is to acquire or collect accurate and reliable data from relevant sources. Data acts as the fuel for AI algorithms, as AI systems learn patterns and make predictions based on this data. Therefore, collecting authentic and sufficient data in this stage is essential for training the AI model correctly.

t1 = (100, 110, 120, 330, 440)

t2 = (77, 88)
t1 = t1 + t2

lst1 = list(t1)

lst2 = [16, 26]
lst1.append(lst2)

lst1.pop(2)

lst1.insert(5, 40)

print("List after operations:")
print(lst1)

List after operations:
[100, 110, 330, 440, 77, 40, 88, [16, 26]]

Three key components required to design a simple wheeled robot are:

1. Breadboard — used to connect multiple components of the circuit.
2. DC Motors — act as actuators to move the wheels of the robot.
3. Arduino Uno — a microcontroller that acts as the controller (brain) of the robot.

(a) Data can be represented in different forms such as text, image, audio, and video.

(b) A line chart (line graph) is ideal for showing trends and changes in data over a period of time.

stg = " Welcome to My Python Project "

stg = stg.lower()
print("Lowercase string:", stg)

stg = stg.replace("my", "your")
print("After replacement:", stg)

length = len(stg)
print("Length of the new string:", length)

ends = stg.endswith('T')
print("Ends with 'T':", ends)

reversed_chars = stg[3:7][::-1]
print("Characters from index 3 to 6 in reverse order:", reversed_chars)

Lowercase string:  welcome to my python project 
After replacement:  welcome to your python project 
Length of the new string: 32
Ends with 'T': False
Characters from index 3 to 6 in reverse order: mocl

Medicine delivery

Reason — The figure shows a drone used for delivering medicines. Drones are used to transport medical supplies such as medicines to remote or hard-to-reach areas quickly, especially during emergency situations.

high level programming language

Reason — Python programming is a high level programming language because it uses simple, English-like statements that are easy to read, write, and understand by humans.

Problem scoping

Reason — The first stage of the Artificial Intelligence project cycle is problem scoping. In this stage, the problem to be solved using AI is clearly identified and defined, and the goals and objectives of the AI project are set.

Teeth

Reason — Teeth are the evenly spaced projections along the circumference of a gear. These projections interlock with the teeth of another gear to transmit motion and force.

process sensory input and generate appropriate commands.

Reason — The main function of a controller in robotics is to receive input from sensors, process this information, and generate appropriate control signals for actuators so that the robot can perform the required task.

They provide a safer human-robot collaboration.

Reason — Cobots (collaborative robots) are specifically designed to work safely alongside humans. They are equipped with built-in safety features and sensors that detect human presence and adjust their speed or motion accordingly, making human–robot collaboration safer in industrial environments.

Appending a new element.

Reason — A tuple is immutable, which means its elements cannot be modified, added, or removed after creation. Therefore, appending a new element is not allowed in a Python tuple.

A piston extending.

Reason — A linear actuator produces straight-line (linear) motion. A piston extending moves in a linear direction, which is the defining characteristic of a linear actuator.

label x-axis and y-axis.

Reason — In Matplotlib, xlabel is used to label the x-axis and ylabel is used to label the y-axis of a plot, helping users understand what each axis represents.

ultrasonic sensor

Reason — An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect obstacles in the path of a robot. It works by emitting ultrasonic waves and measuring the time taken for the waves to reflect back from an object, which helps the robot determine the presence and distance of obstacles.

financial losses

Reason — Software theft involves the unauthorised copying, use, or distribution of software, which results in financial losses to software developers and organisations due to loss of revenue and violation of legal rights.

Proximity sensor

Reason — A proximity sensor is an external non-contact sensor used in robotics to detect the presence or absence of an object without physical contact. It works using light, sound, infrared, or electromagnetic fields.

an AI machine and a human

Reason — The Turing test is conducted between a human and a machine (AI), where an evaluator interacts with both simultaneously and compares their responses. If the evaluator cannot distinguish between the responses of the human and the machine, the machine is said to have passed the Turing test.

Collecting data → training → testing predictions

Reason — In machine learning, a machine is taught to make decisions by first collecting data, then training the model using that data, and finally testing its predictions to evaluate performance.

(A) is true but (R) is false.

Reason — Autonomous systems are capable of learning from their environment and making decisions using probabilistic data, whereas automated systems strictly follow deterministic, predefined rules and algorithms.

Allen Turing

Reason — The Turing test was proposed by Allen Turing in 1950.

3

Reason — The count("s") function counts only lowercase occurrences of the character "s" in the string. In the string "This is a test String", the lowercase letter s appears three times. The capital S is not counted because Python is case-sensitive.

Bar graph

Reason — The given figure represents a bar graph, where data values are shown using rectangular bars of equal width, and the height of each bar corresponds to the value of the data.

Raspberry Pi

Reason — Raspberry Pi is a single board computer that integrates the processor, memory, input/output interfaces, and other components on a single circuit board. It is widely used for learning programming, electronics, and building small computing and robotic projects.

[1, 2, 10, 3, 4, 5]

Reason — First, append(5) adds 5 at the end of the list, so the list becomes [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Then, insert(2, 10) inserts 10 at index position 2, shifting the existing elements to the right. Hence, the final list printed is [1, 2, 10, 3, 4, 5].

Warehouse robots are automated robots used in warehouses to handle tasks like picking, sorting, packing, storing and moving goods quickly and accurately with the help of sensors and AI.

In the transport industry (logistics), they are used to move items from storage slots to the loading dock/trucks, manage order fulfilment and inventory movement, and optimise routes while avoiding obstacles for safe, faster dispatch by reducing human effort and errors.

Two key differences between helical gears and spur gears are:

1. Tooth arrangement — Helical gears have angled (inclined) teeth, whereas spur gears have straight teeth.

2. Operation and noise — Helical gears operate more smoothly and quietly due to gradual tooth contact, while spur gears produce more noise because the teeth engage suddenly.

Temperature sensors are sensors that measure the level of heat (temperature) of an object or the surrounding environment. They convert the sensed temperature into a readable (electrical) signal/data so that a robot/controller can monitor temperature, maintain safe operation, and detect environmental changes.

A velocity sensor in robotics is used to measure the speed of movement of a robot or its components. The sensor sends this data to the controller so the robot can maintain or adjust its speed for accurate motion control (e.g., navigation and smooth movement).

Two differences between an autonomous system and automated system are:

Two types of cyber threats are:

1. Malware
2. Phishing

Data acquisition is a key step in the AI project cycle because it involves collecting the required, relevant and sufficient data (as per the project’s data requirements) from reliable sources such as databases, APIs, web scraping, surveys/questionnaires and sensors/IoT devices. Good-quality and accurate data helps the AI model learn correct patterns and make more reliable predictions/decisions, so the success of an AI project depends greatly on proper data acquisition.

[1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6]]

The append() method adds the given element as a single item at the end of the list. Here, [5, 6] is a list, so it is added as a nested list, not as individual elements. Hence, the final list becomes [1, 2, 3, 4, [5, 6]].

helloworld

The + operator is used for string concatenation in Python. It joins the two strings "hello" and "world" without adding any space, so the output is helloworld.

{1: 'apple', 2: 'banana', 3: 'cherry'}

In a Python dictionary, values are stored using keys. The statement x[3] = "cherry" means that the value "cherry" is assigned to the key 3. This adds a new key–value pair to the dictionary, which is then displayed when the dictionary is printed.

Three benefits of health care robots are:

1. Higher precision in surgery: Surgical robots help doctors perform precise and minimally invasive operations, improving accuracy and reducing damage to surrounding tissues.
2. Faster and accurate diagnosis: Diagnostic robots analyse medical images and patient data quickly to detect abnormalities and support early diagnosis, improving treatment outcomes.
3. Better patient care and support: Care robots can monitor vital signs, give medicine reminders, and provide mobility assistance, reducing the workload on healthcare staff and improving patient comfort.

The steps involved in machine learning are:

1. Data Collection: Gather a large amount of relevant data (e.g., images, text, numbers).
2. Data Pre-processing: Clean and prepare the data by removing errors/duplicates and converting it into a suitable format.
3. Training Data and Labels: Split data into training data and labels (correct outputs) to teach the model.
4. Algorithm Training: Apply ML algorithms on training data so the model learns patterns and rules.
5. Model Evaluation: Test the trained model using separate test data to check accuracy and performance.
6. Model Optimisation: Improve the model by tuning parameters/features or changing the algorithm until desired results are achieved.
7. Prediction/Decision Making: Use the final model to make predictions/decisions on new (unseen) data.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
categories = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D']
values = [10, 20, 15, 25]
plt.bar(categories, values)
plt.xlabel('Categories')
plt.ylabel('Values')
plt.title('Bar Chart Example')
plt.show()

Output

Sensors act as the "sense organs" of a robot. They detect changes in the robot’s surroundings or inside the robot (like distance, light, sound, temperature, pressure, position, etc.) and convert this information into electrical signals. The robot’s controller uses these signals to make decisions and control actions, such as navigation, obstacle avoidance, safety, and accurate movement.

Examples:

1. Vision sensor (Camera) — Captures images/video so the robot can recognise objects and support tasks like inspection and navigation.
2. Proximity sensor (IR/Ultrasonic) — Detects presence or distance of nearby objects without contact, helping in obstacle detection and collision avoidance.

In robotics, gears are used to transmit motion and power from a motor to different parts of the robot (like wheels, arms, grippers). By changing the gear ratio, gears can increase torque (turning force) for lifting/gripping or increase speed for faster movement, and also help in smooth, controlled and precise motion of robot mechanisms.

Types of gears:

1. Spur gears — Spur gears have straight teeth and are mounted on parallel shafts. They are the most commonly used gears and are suitable for simple power transmission.

2. Helical gears — Helical gears have angled teeth, which allow smoother and quieter operation compared to spur gears. They are used in applications where high torque and reduced noise are required.

st = input("Enter a string: ")

if st == st[::-1]:
    print("The given string is a palindrome")
else:
    print("The given string is not a palindrome")

Enter a string: madam
The given string is a palindrome


Enter a string: hello
The given string is not a palindrome

(a) Type of sensor:

1. Proximity detection — Proximity sensor (IR / ultrasonic)
2. Vision sensing — Vision sensor (Camera)

(b) Temperature sensor (thermostat)

Differences between linear and rotary actuators:

numbers = [2, 4, 6, 9, 5]

print("Even numbers:")
for n in numbers:
    if n % 2 == 0:
        print(n)

print("Odd numbers:")
for n in numbers:
    if n % 2 != 0:
        print(n)

Even numbers:
2
4
6
Odd numbers:
9
5

Advantages of visualising motion in a robot design:

1. Better understanding of movement — Visualising motion helps in understanding how different robotic joints and parts move with respect to each other, which makes the working of the robot clear.

2. Error detection before implementation — It helps in identifying design or motion errors at an early stage, thereby reducing mistakes and saving time and cost during actual robot construction.

Use of Tinkercad:

Tinkercad is used to visualise, design, and simulate robotic components and circuits in a virtual environment before building the actual robot.

Different reliable and authentic sources of data for collecting datasets are:

1. Databases – Organised collections of stored data (e.g., school records) from which correct and consistent data can be retrieved easily.
2. APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) – Trusted applications/websites share data through APIs (e.g., online bookstore APIs for book reviews and details).
3. Web Scraping – Using programs to collect information from authentic websites (e.g., book descriptions, author information), when permitted.
4. Surveys and Questionnaires – Data collected directly from users (e.g., students’ favourite genres and reading habits), making it relevant and dependable.
5. Sensors and IoT Devices – Real-time data gathered through sensors (e.g., book movement, environmental conditions in a library), which is accurate and measurable.
6. Kaggle Platform – A well-known platform that provides datasets from many domains and supports downloading datasets for AI/ML projects.

st = "Artificial Intelligence"
count = 0
for ch in st:
    if ch in 'aeiouAEIOU':
        count += 1
print("Total number of vowels:", count)

Total number of vowels: 10

The 4Ws of the Artificial Intelligence project cycle are used in the Problem Scoping stage to understand the problem clearly:

1. Who — It identifies who is affected by the problem and who are the stakeholders involved.

2. What — It defines what the problem is and what needs to be solved.

3. Where — It explains where the problem exists or occurs.

4. Why — It states why the problem needs to be solved and the importance of solving it.

Evaluation is a stage of the Artificial Intelligence project cycle in which the performance of the AI model is tested and analysed. In this stage, the results produced by the model are checked for accuracy and correctness to determine whether the model meets the objectives of the problem. If the results are not satisfactory, the model may be improved or modified.

my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
my_tuple = tuple(my_list)
element = my_tuple[2]
print("Tuple:", my_tuple)
print("Element at index 2:", element)

Tuple: (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)
Element at index 2: 30

Training data is the data used to train a machine learning model so that it can learn patterns and make decisions based on the information provided.

Testing data is the data used to test and evaluate the trained model to check its accuracy and performance on new or unseen data.

Human decision-making and machine decision-making differ in the following ways:

• Basis of decision: Humans often take decisions subjectively, influenced by feelings, experiences and personal judgement. Machines take decisions logically, following programmed rules/algorithms and available data.
• Bias and emotions: Humans may show bias and may be emotional while deciding. Machines are generally objective (not affected by emotions), so their decisions are more consistent.
• Speed and adaptability: Humans can be creative and adaptive, learning from situations, but they are usually slower. Machines can process information very fast and handle many variables quickly, but they act within their algorithmic limits.

Artificial Intelligence is making lives easier due to the following reasons:

1. It automates routine tasks, saving time and reducing human effort (e.g., chatbots answering queries, tools extracting information from documents).
2. It reduces human errors and improves accuracy, as AI can detect mistakes/inconsistencies in data and systems and give more reliable outputs.

numbers = [5, 15, 25, 35, 45]

numbers.append(55)

numbers.insert(1, 20)

numbers.remove(35)

index_25 = numbers.index(25)
print("Index of 25:", index_25)

print("Final list:", numbers)

Index of 25: 3
Final list: [5, 20, 15, 25, 45, 55]

Warehouse

Reason — The robot shown is used for tasks such as storing, picking, sorting, and transporting goods, which are operations carried out in warehouses.

Weather forecast

Reason — Weather forecasting is based on probability, as it predicts future weather conditions using data, patterns, and likelihood rather than giving exact or fixed results.

Cobots work collaboratively with humans

Reason — Cobots (collaborative robots) are designed to work together with humans by assisting them in tasks while ensuring safety, cooperation, and shared control, rather than replacing human presence.

True

Reason — Tinkercad is used to visualise, design, and simulate robotic components and their motion, including simple robotic systems such as wheeled mobile robots.

Controller

Reason — The controller is responsible for making decisions based on sensor data, as it receives input through feedback, processes the information, and sends control signals to operate the robot accordingly.

To convert electrical signals into physical movement

Reason — Actuators are devices such as motors and hydraulic systems that receive electrical signals and convert them into mechanical motion, enabling the robot to move and perform actions.

#

Reason — In Python, the hash symbol (#) is used to write a single-line comment, which is ignored by the Python interpreter during program execution.

Vision Sensor

Reason — A camera is used to capture images and visual information from the surroundings, which helps a robot see and interpret its environment, therefore, it is classified as a vision sensor.

a*b

Reason — In Python, the symbol * is the multiplication operator used to multiply two variables, so a*b correctly represents the product of a and b.

Single-board computers are used to control the operations of a robotic system.

Reason — Single-board computers act as the controller of a robotic system. They process sensor data and control the functioning and operations of the robot, including movement and decision-making.

To provide examples for machine learning and predictions.

Reason — In machine learning, data is used to train and test models by providing examples from which machines learn patterns and make predictions, rather than following fixed, pre-defined instructions.

Actuator

Reason — A motor converts electrical signals into mechanical movement, helping the robot move or perform actions, therefore, it functions as an actuator.

It evaluates a machine's intelligence.

Reason — The Turing Test checks whether a machine can exhibit human-like behaviour, that is, whether its responses are indistinguishable from those of a human during interaction.

To protect data from unauthorised access

Reason — The primary goal of cybersecurity is to protect data and systems from unauthorised access, misuse, and threats, ensuring the safety and security of information.

Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A

Reason — The Turing Test is used to evaluate a machine’s intelligence by checking whether it can exhibit human-like behaviour that is indistinguishable from a human during interaction.

Who, What, Where, Why

Reason — The 4 Ws Problem Canvas is used in AI project scoping to understand a problem by identifying Who is affected, What the problem is, Where it occurs, and Why it needs to be solved.

Pie chart

Reason — A pie chart represents data as slices of a circle, where each slice shows the proportion of a category relative to the whole.

"ello"

Reason — In Python, string slicing returns characters from the starting index up to the ending index minus one. Therefore, string[1:5] extracts the characters at index positions 1, 2, 3, and 4, which are e, l, l, and o, and hence the output is "ello".

Integrated Development and Learning Environment.

Reason — IDLE stands for Integrated Development and Learning Environment and is used as a programming environment in Python to write, execute, and debug programs in interactive and script modes.

Access elements

Reason — Both lists and tuples allow accessing their elements using index values, whereas operations like appending, inserting, or deleting elements are not permitted in tuples because they are immutable.

The features of smart home robotic systems are as follows:

1. Automated control of lighting.
2. Automated control of temperature.
3. Automated control of home appliances.
4. Security monitoring.
5. Energy efficiency management.
6. Remote access and control using smart devices.

Two benefits of using cobots in manufacturing are increased productivity and enhanced worker safety. Cobots handle repetitive and physically demanding tasks efficiently, which reduces human fatigue and allows workers to focus on complex and decision-making activities, while their built-in safety features ensure safe human-robot collaboration.

Gears play an important role in robotic systems by transmitting motion and power from one component to another. They help in changing the speed, torque, and direction of motion, allowing the robot to move smoothly and perform tasks efficiently.

The difference between data and information is as follows:

The steps involved in machine learning are:

1. Problem definition
2. Data collection
3. Data preprocessing
4. Model selection
5. Training the model
6. Evaluation and validation
7. Deployment and monitoring

The Turing Test is a test used to determine whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behaviour similar to that of a human. It plays an important role in artificial intelligence by evaluating a machine’s intelligence based on its ability to produce responses that are indistinguishable from those of a human during interaction.

Problem scoping in the context of an AI project refers to the process of understanding and defining the problem, identifying the factors influencing it, and setting clear goals for the project. It involves analysing the problem using the 4 Ws (Who, What, Where, Why) to clearly outline what needs to be solved before building an AI solution.

The number is 40

In Python, negative indexing is used to access elements from the end of a list. The index -1 refers to the last element, and -2 refers to the second last element. In the list [10, 20, 30, 40, 50], the second last element is 40, so it is printed.

3

In a NumPy array, indexing starts from 0. Therefore, arr[2] accesses the element at index position 2, which is 3.

Programming

In Python, if the ending index is not mentioned in string slicing, the slice returns characters from the starting index up to the end of the string. Here, text[7:] starts from index 7 and returns all characters till the end, resulting in Programming.

Assistant robots in healthcare improve patient care by performing routine tasks and supporting patients, which allows healthcare professionals to focus on more critical medical duties and improves overall efficiency.

Examples:

1. Medication delivery: Robots deliver medicines to patients, ensuring timely administration and reducing the workload of nursing staff.

2. Patient monitoring: Robots equipped with sensors continuously monitor patients vital signs and alert medical staff if any abnormalities are detected.

Subjective decision making by humans depends on personal judgement, emotions, intuition, and past experiences, so it can vary between individuals.

Objective decision making by machines relies on data and algorithms, producing consistent and repeatable results for the same input and does not involve emotions.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
categories = ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E']
values = [5, 7, 3, 8, 6]
plt.bar(categories, values)
plt.xlabel('Categories')
plt.ylabel('Values')
plt.title('Category-wise Performance Analysis')
plt.show()

Output

Differences between traditional industrial robots and cobots:

• Traditional industrial robots operate in isolated environments and are mainly used for repetitive, high-speed tasks. They require safety barriers to prevent human interaction during operation. They can perform heavy-duty tasks at fenced-off areas.

• Cobots (collaborative robots) are designed to work alongside humans without safety barriers. They are equipped with sensors and safety features that allow safe human-robot interaction and do not require strict isolation. They are lightweight, flexible and easy to reprogram.

Cobots are more suitable for collaborative tasks because they are designed to work alongside humans safely, assisting them in tasks where human involvement and supervision are required. They focus on cooperation, involvement, and safety, making them ideal for environments where humans and robots share the workspace.

The steps involved in a machine learning project using the example of fruit sorting are:

1. Data collection: Collect images of different fruits such as apples, bananas, and oranges.
2. Data preparation: Label the images and preprocess them to make the data suitable for analysis.
3. Feature extraction: Identify features such as colour, shape, and size of fruits.
4. Model training: Train a machine learning model using the prepared and labelled data so that it can learn patterns.
5. Model testing: Test the trained model using new fruit images to check its accuracy.
6. Deployment: Use the trained model in a real-time system to automatically sort fruits based on their features.

def isPrime(n):
    if n <= 1:
        return False
    for i in range(2, n):
        if n % i == 0:
            return False
    return True

Sensors act as the "sense organs" of a robot. They detect changes in the robot’s surroundings or inside the robot (like distance, light, sound, temperature, pressure, position, etc.) and convert this information into electrical signals. The robot’s controller uses these signals to make decisions and control actions, such as navigation, obstacle avoidance, safety, and accurate movement.

Three ethical issues related to cybersecurity are:

1. Unauthorised access to computer systems
2. Theft of software and intellectual property
3. Data privacy violation

days = int(input("Enter number of days late: "))
if days <= 10:
    fine = days * 1
elif days <= 20:
    fine = 10 * 1 + (days - 10) * 2.5
else:
    fine = 10 * 1 + 10 * 2.5 + (days - 20) * 5
print("Fine to be paid:", fine)

Enter number of days late: 25
Fine to be paid: 60.0

Use of Tinkercad in designing robotic components:

Tinkercad is an online tool used to visualise, design, and create robotic components. It provides a 3D design environment where components such as joints, gears, and mechanisms can be designed and assembled. Tinkercad also allows users to simulate robotic systems, helping in better understanding of how different components work together.

Advantages of visualising motion using Tinkercad:

• Helps in understanding the movement and interaction of robotic components
• Allows error detection and correction before actual construction
• Makes learning interactive and cost-effective
• Enables safe testing and debugging of designs
• Helps students visualise motion before building the real robot

Hacking is the act of gaining unauthorised access to computer systems or networks. Through hacking, attackers can steal sensitive information such as personal data, passwords, bank details, and confidential files, leading to data theft and misuse of information.

Measures to prevent hacking and data theft:

• Using strong and unique passwords
• Implementing multi-factor authentication
• Regularly updating software and operating systems
• Using encryption to protect data
• Installing and updating antivirus and security software
• Avoiding suspicious links and untrusted websites

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
numbers.append(60)
numbers.insert(2, 25)
numbers.sort()
index_30 = numbers.index(30)
print("Index of 30:", index_30)
print("Final list:", numbers)

Index of 30: 3
Final list: [10, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60]

Integrating sensors, controllers and actuators is essential for the proper functioning of a robotic system, as it ensures accurate response to real-time conditions.

• Sensors detect environmental or internal conditions (e.g., distance, temperature, speed) and send this information to the robot.
• The controller acts as the brain; it processes the sensor data and decides the required action using programmed instructions.
• Actuators act as the muscles; they convert the controller’s electrical signals into mechanical movement such as moving a wheel/arm or gripping an object.

Thus, this integration enables the robot to interact precisely with its environment, adapt to changes, and operate efficiently and autonomously.

Defining the problem statement is important because it sets the direction for the entire AI project. It helps in clearly understanding the problem to be solved, identifying the objectives, and defining the goals of the project.

A well-defined problem statement impacts the project’s success by keeping the project focused and relevant. It ensures that the AI solution is developed to solve the right problem effectively, thereby increasing the chances of successful project implementation.

numbers_tuple = (5, 10, 15, 20, 25)
element = numbers_tuple[2]
print("Element at index 2:", element)
numbers_list = list(numbers_tuple)
numbers_list.append(30)
final_tuple = tuple(numbers_list)
print("Final tuple:", final_tuple)

Element at index 2: 15
Final tuple: (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30)

Process of building a simple wheeled mobile robot:

1. Design the frame (chassis) – Construct a sturdy base to hold all the components of the robot.

2. Install wheels and motors – Attach wheels to the chassis and connect them to DC motors for movement.

3. Integrate sensors – Add sensors to help the robot detect obstacles and navigate its surroundings.

4. Add the controller – Install a microcontroller to process sensor data and control the motors.

5. Provide power supply – Connect a battery to supply power to the controller, motors, and sensors.

6. Program the robot – Write and upload the program to define how the robot should move and respond to inputs.

Key components involved:

• Frame or chassis
• Wheels and DC motors
• Sensors (e.g., ultrasonic sensor)
• Controller (microcontroller)
• Battery / power supply
• Connecting wires and hardware tools

1. Bar graph – Represents categorical data using rectangular bars, where the height of each bar shows the value or frequency of a category.

2. Line graph – Shows trends or changes over time by connecting data points with a continuous line.

3. Pie chart – Represents data as slices of a circular pie, where each slice shows the proportion of a category in the whole dataset.

original_string = "Artificial Intelligence"

uppercase_string = original_string.upper()
print("Uppercase string:", uppercase_string)

position = original_string.find("Intelligence")
print("Position of 'Intelligence':", position)

new_string = original_string.replace("Artificial", "Machine")
print("New string:", new_string)

starts_with_machine = new_string.startswith("Machine")
print("Starts with 'Machine':", starts_with_machine)

count_i = original_string.count('i')
print("Number of occurrences of 'i':", count_i)

Uppercase string: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Position of 'Intelligence': 11
New string: Machine Intelligence
Starts with 'Machine': True
Number of occurrences of 'i': 4