Manufacturing Industries in India

sugar industry

silk industry

paper industry

Karnataka

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

making wax

sugar industry

Gujarat

Assam

A few agro-based industries are:

1. Cotton Textile
2. Silk
3. Sugar
4. Jute
5. Vegetable oil
6. Food Processing

Four special features of the cotton textile industry in India are:

1. It is the first manufacturing industry in India.
2. It is the largest organized industry in India.
3. It occupies an important place in terms of employment generation.
4. The industry has developed all over India but the largest number of mills are situated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.

Two reasons why the cotton textile industry has been developed around Mumbai are:

1. The black cotton soil in the hinterland of Mumbai which provides cotton as basic raw material.
2. Humid climate of shore-based Mumbai which is ideal for this industry as the thread does not break so easily.

Cotton textile industry is the oldest and the most widespread industry in India.

The problems of the cotton textile industry are:

1. Scarcity of Raw Material — Supply of raw material is not adequate.
2. Obsolete Machinery — Most of the mills have obsolete machinery. This has resulted in low productivity and inferior quality.
3. Inadequate Power Supply — With increasing population, the problem of power supply is becoming acute and the industry suffers from shortage of power.
4. Low Productivity of Labour — Labour productivity is extremely low in India as compared to other advanced countries.
5. Stiff Competition — Indian cotton textile has to face stiff competition from power-loom and synthetic fibre product.
6. Sick Mills — 177 mills have been declared as sick mills as they are going in loss.

Three problems faced by sugar industry are:

1. Low and irregular supply of raw material — The yield per hectare is very low as compared to other sugarcane producing areas of the world. This results in shortage of sugarcane to sugar mills.
2. Fluctuations in the output of sugarcane — Since the industry is agro-based, it is seasonal. Due to erratic nature of monsoons sugarcane production fluctuates.
3. Small and uneconomic size of sugar mills — Many sugar mills are uneconomic as they are of very small size with a capacity of 1000 to 15000 tonnes per day.

The art of rearing silkworms for silk production is called sericulture.

The factors responsible for the concentration of silk industry in Karnataka are:

1. Availability of favourable climate for rearing silkworm.
2. Availability of the mulberry plant which is raised as a plantation bush.
3. Availability of the silkworm known as Bombyxmori which is reared throughout the year.
4. In Mysuru, raising silkworms, reeling and weaving of raw silk is one of the main occupations of people. Reeling is a process in which the worm is boiled in water and the silk fibre is pulled out.
5. Availability of abundant soft water free from alkaline salt and iron.
6. Recent introduction of a new technology of handling Bombyxmori.
7. Sericulture provides employment for women folk in rearing silkworm while men work in the plantation.

Sugar industry has a tendency to migrate towards the south. The reasons for the gradual shifting of sugar industry towards the south are:

1. The peninsular India has tropical climate which is ideal for growing sugarcane. The black soil, higher temperature, good amount of rainfall or irrigation and frost-free growing season results in higher yield per unit.
2. The sucrose content is higher in the tropical variety of sugarcane in the south.
3. The crushing season is longer in the south than in the north.
4. The cooperative sugar mills are better managed in south than in the north.
5. In south, most of the mills are new and hence, are equipped with modern machinery.

The by-products of the sugar industry are:

1. Molasses — It is used in manufacture of fertilizer, DDT, power alcohol, synthetic rubber, plastic, rum, chemicals and cattle feed.
2. Bagasse — It serves as raw material for paper industry. It is also used for making cardboard.
3. Press mud — It is used for making wax, shoe polish and carbon paper.

iron and steel industry

PVC pipes

Bengaluru

produces locomotive parts

Rourkela steel plant

Dalli-Rajhara range

river Brahmani

Visakhapatnam steel plant

Visakhapatnam steel plant

Bengaluru

The electronic goods comprise of television sets, transistor sets, telephone exchange, cellular telecom, paging, computers and varied equipment for defence, railway and meteorological department.

Bengaluru and Hyderabad are the leading software centers of India.

NRSA stands for National Remote Sensing Agency. This center is located at Hyderabad.

Petrochemicals are the chemical substances obtained from petroleum or natural gas, as gasoline, kerosene, or petroleum.

Petroleum, LPG and coal are main raw materials used in the petrochemical industry.

The main products of the petrochemical industry are Polythene, vinyl, PVC of plastic group, nylon, dacron, tetron, terylene, acrilon of synthetic fibre group and synthetic rubber.

Petrochemicals are important because:

1. they are cost-effective
2. economically stable
3. cheaper as produced at mass scale
4. raw material is easily available and not dependent on agriculture.

A few important petrochemical industries are:

1. Union Carbide India Ltd.
2. The Udex plant at Koyali Refinery (Gujarat)
3. The Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd.
4. Petrofils Cooperative Ltd. (PCL)

(a) Classification of industries according to the source of raw material:

1. Agro based industries
2. Mineral based
3. Animal based
4. Forestry

(b) Classification of industries according to the size:

1. Large scale
2. Medium scale
3. Small scale

(c) Classification of industries according to the management:

1. Private sector
2. Public sector
3. Joint Sector
4. Cooperative

Some mineral-based industries are:

1. Iron and steel industry
2. Petrochemical industry
3. Electronics industry

A few important factors that are responsible for the location of or development of, industries in a particular area are:

1. Presence of raw material
2. Power supply
3. Water supply
4. Transport
5. Nearness to market
6. Labour
7. Climate

An integrated steel plant is one where all the three processes from melting of iron ore in the blast furnace to steel making followed by shaping of the metal by rolling is carried out under one complex.

Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are the raw materials needed for the iron and steel industry.

Mini-steel plant is one which manufactures steel using scrap iron in electric arc furnaces. Mini-steel plants are decentralized secondary units.

The advantages of mini-steel plants are:

1. They use scrap iron which is easily available in the country and is comparatively cheap.
2. They do not use heavy capital investment.
3. They do not cause pollution.
4. They produce special steel.
5. They can be set up at any convenient place as they do not need huge infrastructure.

The steel plants that are located in India are:

1. Tata Steel Company — Private sector
2. Bhillai steel plant — public sector, in collaboration with Russia.
3. Rourkela Steel Plant — in collaboration with west German firm Krupps and Demag
4. Vishakhapatnam Steel Project

The Bhilai Steel Plant get its iron ore from Dalli-Rajhara range. It gets coal from Korba, Kargati fields of Chhattisgarh, Jharia and Bokaro.

The iron and steel industry is called a key or a basic industry because most of the important industries such as automobile, locomotives, rail tracks, ship-building, machine and tools, and manufacture of defence equipment etc. depend on iron and steel industry.

The level of pollution around steel cities is much higher than other cities. During the manufacture of steel, air emissions from the manufacturing plants emit particulate matter, sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and hydrogen fluoride which pollute the air. Besides these, steel plants emit significant dust levels of about 20 kilograms per metric ton of steel. Growing forests around them helps to lower the pollution as the trees act as a barrier for the dust and purify the air.

1. Bhilai Iron and Steel Plant — It was set up in Durg district of Chattisgarh in collaboration with Russia (USSR) for technical support. The Bhilai Steel Plant get its iron ore from Dalli-Rajhara range. It gets coal from Korba, Kargati fields of Chhattisgarh, Jharia and Bokaro.
2. Rourkela Steel Plant — It was set up in collaboration with the west German firm Krupps and Demag. It gets iron ore from Sundergarh and Keonjhar District. Coal is brought from Jharia, Talcher and Korba coalfields.

1. It gets its iron ore from Noamundi mines of Singhbhum and Mayurbhanj of Orissa.
2. River Subarnarekha provides water to the township.
3. Jharkhand and Orissa provide labour force to this steel plant.
4. The nearest seaport to Jamshedpur plant is Kolkata.

The latest integrated Iron and Steel Plant of India is located at Vishakhapatnam.

Two advantages that the Vishakhapatnam steel plant have over the other steel plants in the public sector are:

1. It is the most modern and sophisticated Steel plant.
2. It has a unique location as a seaport. It is the first seashore-based steel plant in the country.

The largest mineral-based industry in India is Iron and Steel industry. It is called a key or basic industry because it supplies raw materials to all other industries like automobiles, locomotives, rail tracks, ship-building, machine and tools, and manufacture of defence equipment, etc.

The iron and steel industry is concentrated in the Chhotanagpur region because of the following reasons:

1. Chhotanagpur region is rich in iron ore, coking coal, and limestone, the primary raw materials needed for the production of iron and steel.
2. The region has a well-developed transportation infrastructure, including rail and road networks, which makes it easier to transport the raw materials and finished products.
3. Cheap labour is available in the region.

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) is the oldest and privately owned plant in India.

The four large-scale industries dependent on iron and steel industry industry are:

1. Automobiles
2. Railways
3. Ship-building
4. Machineries/Tools

1. The iron and steel industry forms the backbone of Indian economy as it provides raw material for all other industries like automobiles, locomotives, rail tracks, ship-building, machine and tools, and manufacture of defence equipment, etc.
2. Traditional raw material have been replaced by petrochemical products because:
   1. petrochemical are cost-effective.
   2. economically stable
   3. cheaper as produced at mass scale
   4. raw material is easily available
   5. not dependent on agricultural raw material.