Agriculture in India

textile industry

arrival of monsoon

June

due to population pressure which reduces the size of land holdings

compost is used as fertilizer

the farmer grows crop for his own consumption

cultivation of crops and livestock rearing on the same farm

Punjab

fruits and vegetables

save the crops from the diseases

The art and science of cultivating soil, growing crops, raising livestock etc. is called agriculture. It includes all the steps from preparation of soil to harvesting of crops and their marketing. Agriculture has many allied activities like animal husbandry, fisheries, poultry etc.

The system of agriculture in which the farmer produces food exclusively for his own consumption is called subsistence agriculture. The farmer has no surplus production to sell in market. The land holding is very small.

Commercial farming is a system of agriculture in which food crops are produced specifically for sale in the market, by using improved variety of seeds and machinery on large land holdings. Commercial farming are of two types:

1. Intensive commercial farming
2. Extensive commercial farming

The farming system in which the cultivation of crops, horticulture and rearing of livestock is done together is called mixed farming.

The system of agriculture in which a single crop is grown on large scale is called plantation farming. It is labour intensive and huge capital is required. Two examples of plantation farming are tea and rubber.

The importance of agriculture to India can be summarized as follows:

1. Nearly 2⁄3^rd of Indian population directly or indirectly depends on agriculture.
2. Agriculture forms the backbone of Indian economy.
3. Agriculture provides raw material for many key industries like sugar, textile and edible oil.
4. Agriculture also acts as a consumer for many industrial products like tractors, harvesters, chemical fertilizers, pesticides, etc. leading to the setting up of these industries.
5. India's undulating topography, varied climate with sufficient sunshine, ideal temperature and two main growing seasons provide conditions necessary for agriculture.
6. India exports many agricultural products like tea, tobacco, coffee, cotton and jute that bring in the much needed foreign exchange.

A few important characteristics of Indian agriculture are:

1. Dependence on Monsoons — The Indian agriculture depends upon arrival of monsoon which is highly unreliable and irregular. The large scale irrigation serves only one-third of crop area. The remaining has to suffer the vagaries of monsoon.
2. Variety of crops — India has variety of relief features and climatic conditions which enables cultivation of a variety of crops.
3. Preponderance of food crops — India has to feed a large population. Therefore, priority is give to the cultivation of food crops. More than 2/3rd of the total cropped area is taken up by cultivation of food crops.
4. Agricultural Pattern — India has three main crop seasons based on the changing climatic condition:
   1. Kharif
   2. Rabi
   3. Zaid

Rabi crops are the crops that are sown in October-November and are harvested in March. For example: wheat, barley, gram and oil seeds.

Kharif crops are the crops that are sown in June and harvested in November. For example: rice, maize, groundnut, cotton and jute.

Three problems of Indian agriculture are:

1. Small and fragmented landholding — Intensive farming, increasing population and the practice of dividing and subdividing land for inheritance are some drawbacks of our agriculture. Carrying out farming practices becomes very difficult in small and dispersed land holdings.
2. Poor quality of Seeds — Good quality seeds are not available to all farmers. Poor farmers cannot afford treated and hybrid seeds.
3. Pest and Diseases — Pest and disease management practices are not followed by poor and uneducated farmers.

Subsistence type of agriculture is mainly practised in India.

Jhooming agriculture is also known as 'shifting' or 'Slash and burn' agriculture. This type of agriculture is mostly practised in North-East India. In Jhooming agriculture, a patch of forest land is cleared by burning and crops are grown. After 2-3 years, when the fertility of soil is exhausted, the land is abandoned. The farmers then clear another piece of land and process continues. After 10-15 years the farmer may return to the first piece of land.

The primitive agriculture is something which used to be practised in the past in backward equatorial areas. It involves the use of simple tools and primitive techniques. The farmer uses these old techniques to grow food for their own use.

Intensive commercial farming is practised in countries where the population pressure reduces the size of land holdings. This type of agriculture is practised in monsoon lands of Asia including India (Punjab, Haryana, UP, West Bengal), China, Japan etc.

Extensive commercial farming is a system of agriculture in which smaller amounts of capital or labour investment are applied to relatively large areas of land.

• At times, the land is left fallow to regain its fertility.
• It is mostly mechanized as labour is very expensive or may not be available at all.
• It usually occurs at great distance from market or on poor land of limited potential.

Monoculture refers to growing of same crop year after year on a particular piece of land. It deteriorates the soil health.

16°C to 32°C

Loamy soil

North

Dibbling

Stem rot

150 cm to 200 cm

Maharashtra

26°C to 33°C

Alluvial soil

Millets

Cereals are plants that are grown for their edible grain, which is used as a food for humans and animals. Some examples of cereal grains include wheat, rice, maize, barley, etc. Cereals form the staple food for a large proportion of the population worldwide.

Following are the methods of sowing rice:

1. Broadcasting or scattering.
2. Dibbling.
3. Drilling.
4. Transplantation.
5. Japanese method of cultivation.

Japanese method of cultivation is the best method of growing rice as it ensures three times higher yield and less wastage of seeds.

Deep fertile clayey or friable loam and black lava soil are best suited for growing rice because of their high water holding capacity.

West Bengal is the leading producer of rice in India.

Punjab is one state in India where rice is grown as a non-food crop.

Rice is grown under 'Shifting Cultivation' in North-East India.

Reasons for low yield of rice in India are:

1. Poor farmers can not afford high-yielding variety of rice.
2. Pests and diseases decrease the yield of rice. Proper pests and disease management is not done by farmers.
3. Most of the parts of India depend on monsoon rains which are highly unreliable and erratic leading to loss of crop due to drought or flood.
4. Advanced cultivation methods are not being used by most of the farmers.

Climatic conditions suitable for growing of wheat are:

1. Wheat is a temperate crop which requires cool climate with moderate rainfall.
2. It needs an average temperature between 10°C to 15°C at the time of sowing and higher temperature between 20°C to 25°C is required at the time of ripening.
3. Wheat needs 50 to 100 cm rainfall.

Wheat is a rabi crop.

Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of wheat in India.

Two natural factors that help in the cultivation of wheat are:

1. Wheat is a temperate crop. In India, it is taken as Rabi crop. Winter temperature of North India provides most favourable conditions for wheat cultivation.
2. The fertile friable loamy alluvial soils of clayey composition of the flat and well-drained Indo-Gangetic plains is best suited for wheat cultivation.

Two man-made factors that help in the cultivation of wheat are:

1. Supply of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds with proper use of chemical fertilizers.
2. Excellent irrigation system provided by a close network of canals.

A few important aspects of ‘Green Revolution’ were:

1. Introduction of new varieties in India.
2. Production of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice in India.
3. Use of artificial fertilizers and irrigation facilities lead to increase in yield.
4. Use of pesticides and herbicides lead to increased yield by stopping wastage of crop and soil nutrition.

Wheat is sown in rabi season because it is a temperate crop which needs not more than 10°C to 15°C temperature at the time of sowing.

Maize is primarily a kharif crop but in some states like Tamil Nadu, it is grown as rabi crop. Three leading producers of maize are Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

Millets are hardy, drought and heat resistant plants and therefore mostly cultivated in the drier parts of the monsoon lands. Hence, they are called the dry crops.

Millets are widely grown because they are hardy, drought and heat resistant plants that can be easily grown in areas of less rainfall. They can be grown in plains and on uplands up to 1200 meter in height. Millets do not have any special requirement as far as soil is concerned.

Two new uses of maize are:

1. It is used in confectionery as corn-flour and cereal as corn-flakes.
2. It is used in production of bio-fuel.

All millets are kharif crops grown in warm weather. They are hardy, drought and heat resistant and can be grown in areas with less rainfall. They can grow in any kind of soil.

Pulses are the most important rotation crop because they are leguminous plants with root-nodules, which can fix and utilize atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. It makes the soil rich in nitrogen and provides enough nitrogen to the next crop sown.

Oct-Nov

21°- 27° C temp

Ratooning

boll worms

Gujarat

40 - 50% oil

All the above

tea

preserve minerals in the soil

wheat crop (also done in Rice)

The climatic conditions that favour the cultivation of cotton are:

1. It needs mild, cool, preferably dry climate with 21°- 27° C temperature.
2. It needs plenty of sunshine.
3. Warm days and cool nights are good for the development of the boll and fibres in the first stage at the time of fruition.
4. Temperature should not fall below 20°C.
5. This crop requires 200 frost free days during growing period.

In India, the long staple cotton grows in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The long staple cotton is used to make fine quality cotton cloth. It is stronger, softer and makes more durable fabric. Fabric made of long-staple cottons fray less, pill less, wrinkle less and even fade less.

Yes, dry weather is necessary at the time of harvest of cotton. Cotton requires dry weather at the time of harvest because dryness helps in ripening and bursting of the cotton bolls. Humidity results in infestation of pests and diseases. Rainfall at time of harvesting badly affects the quality of cotton.

Jute is called the 'brown paper' of the wholesale trade as until recently its sacks were used for packing rice, wheat, sugar, pulses, cement and fertilizers.

The geographical requirements for the cultivation of Jute are:

1. Light sandy or clayey loams are best for growing jute.
2. It grows well in flood plains and river deltas rich in alluvium. Since jute rapidly exhausts the fertility of the soil, it is necessary that the soils are replenished annually by the silt-laden flood waters of the rivers.
3. It requires high temperature between 24°C to 35°C.
4. It needs high relative humidity of 80% to 90% at the time of growth.
5. Jute requires heavy rainfall of 170 cm to 200 cm.

The two most important crops of India area cotton and jute.

The different varieties of tea in India are Black Tea, Green Tea and Oolong Tea.

Tea is generally grown on the hill slopes because the hill slopes do not allow water logging and provide proper drainage. Stagnant water is injurious to the roots of tree plants. Hence, hill slopes are best suited for growing tea.

Tea plants are pruned at regular interval to maintain the height and diameter of the plant limited to one metre. Frequent pruning encourages the rapid production of fresh leaves and shoots.

Assam is the leading producer of tea in India. The factors that helped it to become the leading state are:

1. It gets over 250 cm rainfall.
2. The temperature is above 20°C.
3. Morning fog helps and frost never occurs.
4. Labour is available in plenty.

Mostly women are entrusted to pluck tea leaves because tea plucking is a very skilled job requiring patience and judgement. Women are better pickers and can be employed at relatively cheaper rates.

The different stages of tea processing before it is sent out to the market are:

1. Withering — It is done to remove the moisture from the leaves by spreading them over racks and passing air through them.
2. Rolling — It gives the twist to the leaves, breaks the leaf cells and the natural juice is exposed to the atmosphere for fermentation to set in.
3. Fermentation — Tea leaves are spread out in special trays on cement tables for fermentation which results in change of leaf colour to copper red.
4. Drying or fixing — After fermentation, leaves are put on conveyer belt and are passed through an oven at a very high temperature.
5. Sorting — The leaves are sorted out in various grades with the help of sifters with different size of meshes.
6. Blending — It gives a characteristic flavour to the brand.
7. Packing — It is done in plywood cases with a lining of aluminium foil.

Kolkata and Guwahati are the two main centres where tea is auctioned.

The tea plant is greatly affected by the type of climate it is grown in. Thus by blending, the tea planter prepares his own brand to supply his customers on the basis of its flavour, colour and texture. Each brand will have its own characteristic flavour and the blend is a closely guarded secret.

Two reasons stating the economic importance of the tea industry are:

1. It is a labour-intensive industry and provides employment to over a million workers.
2. It earns a lot of foreign exchange for the country.

Two important regions where tea is grown in south India are Nilgiri hills in Tamil Nadu and Annamalai hills in Karnataka.

Two main varieties of coffee grown in India are:

1. Coffea arabica.
2. Coffea robust.

Young coffee plants are protected from heat to prevent damage to their delicate leaves and branches, which can impede growth and reduce crop yields. High temperatures can cause wilting, dehydration, sunburn and in extreme cases death of the plant. It also helps to prevent infestations and outbreaks.

Three factors which favour the cultivation of coffee in South India are:

1. Altitude — Coffee is grown at an altitude of 800 to 1500 metres. South India has many high-altitude regions, such as the Western Ghats, which are ideal for growing coffee. Generally the slopes are protected from direct rain, direct sun rays and strong winds.
2. Climate — South India has a tropical climate that is well-suited to coffee cultivation, with moderate temperatures, abundant rainfall, and high humidity.
3. Soil — South India provides rich loamy laterite soil, rich in humus and iron oxide which favours coffee production.

Karnataka is the leading producer of coffee in India.

Climatic problem — Dry weather, high temperature, long droughts and unseasonal rainfall.

Commercial problem — Low productivity and yields due to outdated farming practices, lack of access to modern technology and inputs, and a lack of investment in research and development. Due to this coffee cultivation in India faces tough competition from countries like Brazil, Vietnam and Indonesia.

The different methods by which sugarcane can be propagated are:

1. Sett method — In this method, the pieces of sugarcane with one or two joint, called sett, is sown.
2. Ratooning — In this method, after the first crop, the sugarcane is cut leaving, the root intact in the soil. The stem begins to grow again.

Uttar Pradesh is leading producer of sugarcane in India.

The advantages of Ratooning are:

1. Crop need not be planted again.
2. Ratoons have relatively shorter maturation period.
3. The method does not involve any extra expenditure; hence is cheaper as compared to re-planting the crop.

Two problems the farmers of north India face during sugarcane cultivation are:

1. The hot dry winds known as 'loo' that blows in summers affects the normal growth of sugarcane.
2. Very low temperature in winters in northern plains also affects it growth.

The Deccan region have following advantages over the north with reference to sugarcane cultivation:

1. In the south, the climate conditions are ideal with the absence of "Loo" during summer with reasonably high temperature and frost-free winters coupled with maritime winds in coastal areas.
2. The black lava soil with their high fertility and retentivity are most beneficial for the sugarcane crop.
3. Better methods, manures and fertilizers are used for cultivation in the south.

A few diseases that sugarcane plant is susceptible to are:

1. Fungal diseases like red rot, smut, rust.
2. Ratoon stunting.

A few important oil-seeds grown in India are:

1. Edible oilseeds — Groundnuts, sesame, rapeseed, mustard, sunflower and niger.
2. Non-edible oilseeds — Linseeds, Caster seeds, neem and mahua.

The economic importance of oilseeds are:

1. India has the largest area in production of oilseeds.
2. The measure oilseeds occupy nearly 20% of the net sown area.
3. The oil extracted from oilseeds constitutes an important part of our diet as edible oils. It is also used as raw material for manufacturing various items of economic importance such as paints, varnishes, soaps, cosmetic items, medicinal items, lubricants, perfumes, etc.
4. The residue of edible oilseeds forms an important part of cattle feed and manure.
5. The oil industry offers employment to millions of people.

The residue left of edible oilseed is known as oil cake. It is used as manure and cattle feed.

The non-edible oilseeds are Linseeds, neem, mahua and Caster seeds. They are called so because they cannot be used as part of our diet. They are used only for producing industrial and commercial products.

The geographical conditions necessary for the growth of groundnuts are:

1. Well drained light sandy loams, red and black soils are well suited for its cultivation.
2. It grows well with temperature ranging between 20° C to 25° C.
3. Warm and dry weather is important at ripening stage.
4. It needs a rainfall of 50 to 70 cm.

Gujarat is the leading producer of Groundnut in India.

The by-products of sugarcane and their uses are:

1. Molasses — It is used to produce industrial alcohol, fertilizers, rum, treacle and yeast.
2. Bagasse — It is used as fuel for mills and mainly used for paper, fibre board and synthetic fibres.
3. Press mud — It is used to make wax, shoe polish and carbon paper.

Jute crop rapidly exhausts the fertility of soil. It is necessary to replenish the fertility of soil annually which is done by silt laden floodwaters of the rivers. Thus, the floods are beneficial for better growth of jute.

1. Ginning — It is the process in which fibre is separated from the seed/raw material. It is done by roller gins. Ginning is associated with cotton.
2. Retting — It is a microbiological process in which the jute bundles are submerged in soft clean water for 2-3 weeks. This helps to loosen the outer bark and helps in removal of the fibre from the stalk. This process is associated with Jute.
3. Clonal planting — It is the method where cutting are taken from good high yielding mpther plant rather than seeds. It is associated with Tea.
4. Ratooning — It is a method of Sugarcane cultivation in which the sugarcane is cut leaving the root intact in soil. It is associated with Sugarcane.
5. Fine plucking — Plucking of two youngest leaves with a bud is called fine plucking. It is done in Tea.
6. Bud grafting — In Bud grafting, a strip of bark of a good yielding plant containing a bud is inserted under the bark of a young seedling. It is done in rubber plant.

1. Tea is generally grown on the hill slopes because the hill slopes do not allow water logging and provide proper drainage. Stagnant water is injurious to the roots of tree plants. Hence, hill slopes are best suited for growing tea.
2. Tea plants are pruned at regular interval to maintain the height and diameter of the plant limited to one metre. Frequent pruning encourages the rapid production of fresh leaves and shoots.
3. Honey bees are reared on coffee plants as they help to pollinate the flowers.

1. Wet method
2. Dry method
3. Drilling