Sample Paper

Facilitate online learning and administrative processes

Reason — Smart schools aim to create an environment where technology is integrated into various aspects of education to improve learning and administrative processes for students, teachers, and administrators.

Flexible wing

Reason — Fixed wing, multi-rotator, and hybrid are recognised types of drones, whereas flexible wing is not classified as a type of drone.

Cobots emphasise collaboration and interaction with humans, while traditional robots often work autonomously.

Reason — Cobots, or collaborative robots, are made specifically to work safely alongside humans with a focus on cooperation and involvement, whereas traditional robots often work autonomously.

All of these

Reason — A multi-robot system consists of multiple robots connected through a network, and such systems can be used in smart homes, smart offices, and firefighting scenarios.

Transfer motion and power to the other component of a robot

Reason — Gears are used to transmit motion and power from one component of a robot to another, enabling proper movement and functioning of different robotic parts.

Decide path for robot navigation

Reason — Path planning and trajectory generation involve algorithms in control systems that design the ideal path and produce trajectories for the robot to follow, while avoiding obstacles and taking the robot’s dynamics into account.

Ultrasonic sensor

Reason — The image represents an Ultrasonic Distance sensor.

All of the above

Reason — The mechanical part of a robot gives it a physical structure, allows it to interact with the outer environment through components like joints and end effectors, and also helps protect the robot’s electronic parts.

Microcontroller

Reason — Arduino Uno is a microcontroller that acts as the controller or brain of the robot.

Actuator

Reason — A motor converts electrical energy into mechanical movement, which helps a robot move or perform actions, so it functions as an actuator.

Autonomous systems are adaptable

Reason — Autonomous systems can learn from their environment and make decisions based on changing situations, which makes them adaptable, unlike automated systems that work only on predefined rules.

Object detection

Reason — Identifying a car in an image involves recognising and locating an object within an image, which is known as object detection.

Improved results

Reason — Collaboration between human intelligence and machine intelligence combines human reasoning, experience, and judgement with machine speed, accuracy, and data processing ability, leading to more accurate and effective results.

Context understanding

Reason — Machine intelligence has a limited ability to understand context based on data and patterns, whereas it does not handle emotions or show innovation, which are characteristics of human intelligence.

Make a copy of someone’s patent design

Reason — Intellectual property infringement means copying or using someone’s trademark or patent design without permission.

Collection of Python code in a file

Reason — A module is a simple Python file that can contain functions, variables, and other objects.

5

Reason — In negative indexing, the index -1 refers to the last element of the list and -2 refers to the second last element, which is 5 in the given list.

del

Reason — A tuple is immutable, so elements cannot be inserted or appended, but the entire tuple can be deleted using the del keyword.

el

Reason — String slicing extracts characters from the starting index up to (but not including) the ending index, so str1[1:3] returns the characters at index 1 and 2, which are e and l.

2

Reason — The count() function returns the number of occurrences of a character in a string. In the string "Hello How are you", the character "H" appears two times, therefore the output is 2.

Warehouse robots are robots designed to work in warehouses to perform tasks such as picking objects, arranging shelves, sorting items, and packaging products. They help improve the speed and accuracy of warehouse operations in the logistics industry.

Cobots, also known as collaborative robots, are robotic systems designed to work together with humans or other robots by focusing on cooperation and involvement. They are used in situations where complete control cannot be given to robots, such as medical surgeries or defence operations, and they assist humans while ensuring safe and efficient task performance.

A washing machine is an example of a machine because it is designed to perform a specific task and works on predefined instructions. In contrast, a robot can sense its surroundings, take decisions, and perform different tasks using sensors, actuators, and a controller.

Actuators are components of a robot that help it move and perform actions by converting electrical signals into mechanical motion. For example, motors are actuators that help a robot move its wheels or arms.

A revolute joint is a joint that allows rotational movement between two links, similar to the movement of a door hinge. A prismatic joint is a joint that allows linear (sliding) movement between two links, similar to the movement of a piston.

Subjective decision-making is influenced by personal feelings, emotions, experiences, beliefs, and preferences of an individual. In contrast, objective decision-making is based on facts, data, logic, and predefined rules, and is not affected by personal biases or emotions.

Machine intelligence is inspired by human intelligence because machines are designed to mimic human abilities such as learning, reasoning, and decision-making using algorithms and data. At the same time, human intelligence is supported by machine intelligence, as machines help humans by processing large amounts of data quickly and accurately, assisting in tasks like analysis, prediction, and problem-solving, thereby improving overall efficiency and outcomes.

Unauthorised access to hardware or software can be avoided by keeping hardware devices in a safe place, setting up proper authentication mechanisms such as passwords, taking permission before using someone else’s computer or digital device, always logging out from accounts when using public computers, purchasing software only from authorised vendors or official websites, and avoiding the use of pirated software.

city_list = ["Delhi", "Mumbai", "Chennai"]
city_list.insert(1, "Kolkata")
print(city_list)

['Delhi', 'Kolkata', 'Mumbai', 'Chennai']

The insert() function is used to add an element at a specified index position in the list.

str1 = "Hello"
print(str1 * 3)

HelloHelloHello

The progress from robots to cobots is motivated by the need for collaboration between humans and robots in situations where complete control cannot be given to robots. In areas such as medical surgeries and defence operations, human involvement is essential. Cobots (collaborative robots) are therefore designed to work with humans or other robots, focusing on cooperation, involvement, and shared control so that tasks can be performed safely and efficiently.

Differences between Robots and Cobots:

Gears in robots are mechanical components used to transmit motion and power from one component of a robot to another. They help in controlling speed, force, and movement, ensuring smooth and accurate functioning of robotic systems.

Types of gears:

1. Spur gears: These have straight teeth and are mounted on parallel shafts. They are commonly used for general power transmission.

2. Helical gears: These gears have curved teeth and provide smoother and quieter operation, suitable for high-speed applications.

3. Bevel gears: These gears are used to change the direction of motion between two shafts.

4. Worm gears: These consist of a worm and a worm wheel and are used where slow and precise movement is required.

5. Planetary gears: These gears are used in robotic arms and engines due to their efficient power transmission.

Applications of gears in robotics:

• Used in robotic joints for smooth and accurate movement
• Used in robot mobility systems such as wheels and tracks
• Used in lifting mechanisms to increase force
• Used for accuracy and control in robotic systems
• Used in gearboxes to adjust speed and torque

The mechanical block of a robot refers to the physical structure of the robot that enables it to work in a real-world environment. It includes all the mechanical components that help the robot move, perform tasks, and interact with its surroundings.

Components of the mechanical block of a robot:

1. Outer body (chassis): It forms the physical framework of the robot and supports the integration of all mechanical components.

2. Joints and links: Joints help the robot move, and links connect different parts of the robot to form its structure.

3. Actuators: Devices such as motors and hydraulic systems that drive the movement of joints.

4. End effectors: Tools attached to the robot to interact with the environment, such as grippers, cutters, or moppers.

5. Controller: It controls the mechanical block by receiving input from sensors and sending signals to other components.

Applications of the mechanical block of a robot:

• Logistics: Used in robots for picking, placing, and moving items in warehouses.
• Agriculture: Helps robots perform tasks like planting, weeding, and harvesting.
• Medical robotics: Used in robots designed for medical diagnosis and surgeries requiring precision.
• Manufacturing: Enables robots to handle materials, assemble products, and perform welding and quality checks.
• Household robots: Helps robots perform tasks such as cleaning, picking objects, and moving.

Machine learning is a concept of artificial intelligence in which machines are made capable of learning from data and improving their performance without being explicitly programmed for every task. Machines learn by identifying patterns and relationships in the data and then using them to make decisions or predictions.

Importance of data in machine learning:
Data is the most important requirement in machine learning because it acts as the fuel for AI algorithms. Machine learning models learn and work based on patterns and insights derived from data. The data used must be sufficient, relevant, and accurate so that the model can be trained properly and give reliable results.

Example:
To predict the result of a cricket match between two teams, training data such as pitch conditions and previous match outcomes is used to train the AI model. The model learns the relationship between pitch conditions and match results. Testing data (new pitch conditions) is then used to predict the outcome of future matches.

A module helps in code reusability by allowing programmers to write commonly used functions and variables once and reuse them in different programs. Instead of writing the same code repeatedly, it can be stored in a module and imported whenever required. This reduces duplication of code, makes programs simpler, and improves organisation.

Example:

Package structure:

my_new_package/
    my_module.py
main.py

Create the module: my_new_package/my_module.py

# my_module.py

school_name = "KnowledgeBoat"

def greet_student(name):
    return f"Hello {name}! Welcome to {school_name}."

Use this package in a program: main.py

# main.py

from my_new_package.my_module import school_name, greet_student

print("School:", school_name)
print(greet_student("Aarav"))

Output (sample):

School: KnowledgeBoat
Hello Aarav! Welcome to KnowledgeBoat.

An escape character is a special character used in a string to insert characters that cannot be written directly inside the string. In Python, the backslash (\) is used as an escape character. The combination of the backslash and another character is called an escape sequence.

Five escape sequences in Python:

1. \n (New line) — It is used to move the cursor to a new line.

Example:

print("Hello\nWorld")

Output:

Hello
World

2. \t (Tab space) — It is used to provide horizontal tab space in a string.

Example:

print("Python\tProgramming")

Output:

Python    Programming

3. \' (Single quote) — It is used to insert a single quote inside a string.

Example:

print('It\'s my pen')

Output:

It's my pen

4. \" (Double quote) — It is used to insert a double quote inside a string.

Example:

print("He said, \"Hello\"")

Output:

He said, "Hello"

5. \\ (Backslash) — It is used to insert a backslash character in a string.

Example:

print("The symbol is \\")

Output:

The symbol is \